What role do cofactors play in enzymatic reactions?

Cofactors play a crucial role in enzymatic reactions by enhancing the rate of catalysis. These non-protein chemical compounds can be either metal ions, such as zinc or magnesium, or organic molecules known as coenzymes. The presence of cofactors improves the enzyme's ability to facilitate the conversion of substrates into products by stabilizing enzyme-substrate complexes or by being involved in the actual chemical transformation.

For instance, metal ions can help in the proper orientation of substrate molecules to increase the likelihood of successful collisions, which is essential for effective catalysis. Coenzymes, like NAD+ or vitamins, often participate in the transfer of electrons or functional groups during the reaction, further aiding the process. This collaboration significantly increases the efficiency and speed of enzymatic reactions, underscoring the importance of cofactors in enzyme activity.